

and sport





Optional Theme E. “Leisure, sport and tourism” | DEFINITIONS |
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Carrying capacity of a touristic place | The maximum number of visitors/participants that a site/event can satisfy at one time. It is customary to distinguish between environmental carrying capacity (the maximum number before the local environment get damaged) and perceptual carrying capacity (the maximum number before a specific group of visitors considers the level of impact, such as noise, to be excessive). For example, young mountain bikers may be more crowd‑tolerant than elderly walkers. |
Leisure | Any freely chosen activity or experience that takes place in non‑work time. |
Primary tourist/recreational resources | The pre‑existing attractions for tourism or recreation (that is, those not built specifically for the purpose), including climate, scenery, wildlife, indigenous people, cultural and heritage sites. These are distinguished from secondary tourist/recreational resources, which include accommodation, catering, entertainment and shopping. |
Recreation | A leisure‑time activity undertaken voluntarily and for enjoyment. It includes individual pursuits, organized outings and events, and non‑paid (non‑professional) sports. |
Resort | A settlement where the primary function is tourism. This includes a hotel complex. |
Sport | A physical activity involving a set of rules or customs. The activity may be competitive. |
Tourism | Travel away from home for at least one night for the purpose of leisure. Note that this definition excludes day‑trippers. There are many possible subdivisions of tourism. UNWTO definition of tourism: Tourism means to travel away and staying in place outside of the usual home environment at least for one night but for not more than one consecutive year mainly for the purpose of leisure and recreation but also to visit friends and relations, for business and other personal reasons. Ecotourism—tourism focuses on the natural environment and local communities Heritage tourism—tourism based on a historic legacy (landscape feature, historic building or event) as its major attraction Sustainable tourism—tourism that conserves primary tourist resources and supports the livelihoods and culture of local people. |
Classification of Tourism related to distance and border | Domestic tourism (inbound tourism) embraces those, travelling within their own country. International tourism (outbound tourism) comprises those, who travel to a country other than that in which they normally live. Long-haul tourism; taken to be journeys of over 3000 kilometres Short-haul tourism; comprises journeys below that distance |
Food miles | A measure of the distance that food travels from its source to the consumer. This can be given either in units of actual distance or of energy consumed during transport. |
Transnational corporation (TNCs) | A firm that owns or controls productive operations in more than one country through foreign direct investment. |
Leakage (Negative) | Economic loss of tourists money, by tourists using companies not owned by the host country and spending money outside the host country (for example on a cruise ship) It implies that the tourists money moving out of the host economy due to several reasons, leaving not much opportunity left for the local people to profit from tourism |
Multiplier effect (Positive) | Multiplier effect of tourism means that income gained by local people is circulated through the economy creating more wealth in turn. Explanation for 4 marks question: When an initial amount of spending usually by the government leads to an increased spending by tourists, resulting in an increase in national income much greater than the initial amount spent. It means Income gained by local people is circulated through the economy. Tourism not only creates jobs in the tertiary sector, it also encourages growth in the primary and secondary sectors related to tourism. |
Trickle down effect of tourism (positive) | Trickle down effect starts in the core region (major touristic area) and spreads to the whole of the system particularly to periphery. It is extremely important where tourism is considered as an effective development strategy, such as in many SIDs. |
Mass Tourism | Mass tourism involves large number of tourists flocking into certain popular destinations. This kinds of tourism are generally operated by large touristic operators though package tours and are relatively cheaper but may adversely affect the local environment and community. |
Alternative or Niche tourism | it is a kind of special interest tourism involving small number of tourists to relatively less explored places involving respect and care for the local community and greater concern of nature. It may also involve explorative touristic activities generally not suitable to a large number of tourists. |
Objectives of Sustainable tourism | Sustainable use of resources by meeting the needs of the present without harming the prospect of the future generation. Supporting and involving local communities and creation of local multiplier. Reduce-reuse-recycle (3R principles): reducing overconsumption and waste, recycling of tourists waste Use of efficient environmental alternatives (ecofriendly paper bag, biking rather than using vehicles for sightseeing) Maintaining biodiversity Research and training, providing better information Promoting respect for the natural, social and cultural environments Integrating tourism into planning for development |
Tourism means travel away from home mainly for the purpose of leisure for at least one night but not more than one consecutive year. Day tripping is not regarded as tourism. (World Tourism Organization, UNWTO)
Tourism can be viewed as a commercialized hospitality, travel and leisure industry – viewed as an industry to earn foreign exchange.
Tourism as a means to get knowledge, sharing cultural values, promoting conservation and respect to humanity – eco-tourism and sustainable tourism (alternative tourism)
Tourism as a strategy for development generating multiplier effect.
Multiplier Effect: When an initial amount of spending usually by the government leads to increased spending by the tourists and results in an increased national income greater than the initial amount spent. Tourism can also be transformed as the modern variety of traditional pilgrimage, adventure and exploration.
International tourist arrivals (overnight visitors) worldwide increased 6% in 2018 to 1.4 billion, based on data reported by destinations around the world. Based on current trends, economic prospects and the UNWTO Confidence Index, UNWTO forecasts a growth of 3% to 4% in international tourist arrivals worldwide in 2019. Read the World Tourism Barometer, 2018 of UNWTO
Click here to review the most visited countries of the world according to the worldatlus.com
Find out Forbes report on the world’s fastest growing touristic destinations.
Tourism is one of the world’s largest economic sector that creates jobs, drives exports, and generates prosperity across the world. Tourism is accounted for 10.4% of global GDP and 319 million jobs, or 10% of total employment in 2018.
Over the decades, tourism has experienced continued growth and deepening diversification to become one of the fastest growing economic sectors in the world. According to WTO, these dynamics have turned tourism into a key driver for socio-economic progress.
Factors affecting travel decision: https://youtu.be/vWPFhdz3G7E
Both in numbers and spending, the number one source of international tourists is China,whose people spent more than $160 billion on travel in 2018. In the league tables of the continents, Europe holds the number one spot as the most visited continents with more than 500 million visitors per year.
Suggest reasons why there is more leisure time in some countries than others?
Think: Would you be able to establish a link between economic development and participation in leisure activities?
Find out the negative impacts of tourism on the environment
As a viable and rational alternative to mass tourism, niche tourism is developing very fast in the form of rural tourism, ecotourism, adventure tourism, thematic and sustainable heritage tourism to explore cultural and historic, religious, viticultural, culinary and ethnographic heritage. Click here to read different forms of low impact alternative tourism.
Economic reasons- Affluence and greater accessibility
Social and technological reasons
Political reasons
Click here to review the list of package tour operators in the world. Note dow a few names for examples.
Primary touristic resources are the physical factors that shape places into sites of leisure and tourism:
Secondary touristic resources are those human factors that shape places into sites of leisure and tourism:
Primary touristic resources in Las Vegas:
The largest city in Nevada, Las Vegas lies in the desert, surrounded by baron hills.
Las Vegas is a great place to visit year-round; its cooler winter temperatures are pleasant for sightseeing, and in summer, when the temperature can rise 40 degree C, the outdoor pools and fountains become important part of the daytime activities.
Grand Canyon over river Colorado
Las Vegas has a number of companies providing helicopter tours that take visitors over Las Vegas and the Strip, or as far away as the Grand Canyon, America’s most impressive and famous natural attractions.
Las Vegas Natural History Museum can be considered as a heritage site.
Secondary Tourism Resources
The extra facilities that are built to accommodate the tourists (hotels, restaurants, water parks, shopping and Cineplex etc.)
Example: Las Vegas is the largest gambling destination in the world. In 2015, it attracted over 42 million visitors and earned gambling revenue of over 9 billion US dollar.
Las Vegas Boulevard strip and Fremont Street Experience– The Strip is particularly impressive at night, when the city is illuminated and light up the sky in a ray of different colors fantastic music and visual show takes place overhead.
The huge resort hotels lining the famous “Strip,” with their sparkling lights, fountains, and recreated glamorous sites, offer a fun and exciting retreat from the desert landscape.
Read Articles related to the touristic attractions in the city of Las Vegas
Famous Theme hotels in Las Vegas: Las Vegas has 5 of the world’s 10 biggest hotels
43% of the total work force in Las Vegas was involved in the tourism sector in 2015. The average room rent per night in Las Vegas was 115 US dollar in 2015.
Reasons behind the development of the tourism industry in Las Vegas, USA?
Article Review:
Find out the challenges to growth of tourism in the urban touristic hotspot of Dubai
Refer to the Arcgis journal (Esri) on Positive and negative effects of tourism in Dubai
Dubai’s environmental problem and decreasing environmental carrying capacity
Small islands developing states (SIDS) and remote areas: Small island states heavily relied on tourism as a lever to economic development as limited land area and narrow resource base restrict manufacturing on large scale. Small Island Developing States (SIDS) forms a distinctive group which shares many characteristics and whose vulnerability and special situation has been recognized by the international community.
1. Rising per capita income generates multiplier effect as income gained by the local people is circulated through the economy. It can set of the process of cumulative causation whereby one phase of investment can trigger subsequent phases of investment in other sectors.
2. On the other hand many small island nations and developing countries have few other resources that they can use to obtain foreign currency.
3. A major tourism development can act as a growth pole, stimulating the economy of the larger region. By providing employment in rural areas it can help to reduce rural-urban migration. Touristic node can act as a growth pole and subsequently, the entire region may undergo further expansion causing a spread effect or trickle down effect on the surrounding regions or peripheral areas.
Note: Trickle down effect starts in the core region and spreads to the whole of the system particularly to periphery.
4. It can support many jobs in the informal sector, which plays a major role in the economy of the many developing countries.
5. Reinforces preservation of heritage and tradition.
It can lead to greater understanding and cultural exchange between people of different cultures.
Generates appreciation of historical legacy.
Family ties may be strengthened by visit to relatives.
Tourism can be viewed as a mean to get knowledge, sharing cultural values, promoting conservation and respect to humanity by promoting eco-tourism and sustainable tourism (alternative or Niche tourism)
Article Review :
Movie location: Utah, Moab and its fabulous red rock formations, canyons and Monument Valley.
127 Hours is the harrowing true story of Aron Ralston, who became trapped in a canyon with his arm pinned under a boulder. Facing certain death, he decides to do the unthinkable, and cut off part of his own arm in order to escape.
Avatar, a film by James Cameron, that was nominated for a total of 9 Academy Awards in 2010, took inspiration for its mountain scenes from the peaks of Hunan province. This beautiful place now experiencing touristic boom as a destination of movie location tourism. The world’s highest glass-bottomed bridge is also located here. Tianmen mountain, which boasts the world’s longest cable car ride and spectacular views are all part of this UNESCO-listed World Heritage Site. Read more to know how this movie location is able to generate tourism boost in the Hunan province of China.
Problems and tourism Management | Explanations |
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Environmental challenges to touristic expansion | Increased water consumption, increased traffic and associated pollution (water, noise, aesthetic), loss of habitat and biodiversity, increased waste produced requiring disposal, CO2 emissions and higher carbon footprint (especially in case of the long-haul flights), consumption of local natural resources, price inflation. |
Enclave tourism | Local businesses often see their chances to earn income from tourists severely reduced by the creation of "all-inclusive" vacation packages. When tourists remain for their entire stay at the same cruise ship or resort, which provides everything they need and where they will make all their expenditures, not much opportunity is left for local people to profit from tourism. |
Critical issues in Tourism development in Seychelles | Seychelles has met all its UN developmental goals with more than 95% of the population having access to drinking water and electricity, but it is evident that existing infrastructure will not be adequate to meet present trends until 2020. Food security will remain an issue in view of the country’s dependence on imported food, and increased pressure to further convert existing agricultural land. There is an increasing trend towards consumption that creates ever larger ecological footprints, including increasing generation of wastes. Seychelles’ unique and diverse biodiversity is under threat primarily from intense tourism development pressure, environmental degradation and pollution. Impacts of climate change are likely to become more evident. |
Impact of COVID-19 on the Aviation Industry
References:
https://www.napier.ac.uk/~/media/worktribe/output-209366/fullthesispdf.pdf
https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/travel-transport-and-logistics/our-insights/huanying-to-the-new-chinese-traveler