Water is one of the most unique molecule known to man
We are comprised of mostly water
WATER
Unique properties of water molecules
A water molecule consists of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. The three atoms make an angle; the H-O-H angle is approximately 104.5 degrees. The center of each hydrogen atom is approximately 0.0957 nm from the center of the oxygen atom. In the solid state, the particles of matter are usually much closer together than they are in the liquid state. So if you put a solid into its corresponding liquid, it sinks. But this is not true of water. Its solid state is less dense than its liquid state, so it floats. Water behaves differently from most other chemical compounds. In almost all substances the atoms and molecules move closer together as they get colder. They then solidify. Water, however, attains its greatest density at four degrees Celsius because the water molecules are packed closest together at this temperature. Many freshwater lakes have a temperature of four degrees at their deepest point because the heavy water sinks to the bottom. But surprisingly, to reach the solid ice phase, the water molecules again move farther apart. This phenomenon is referred to as the water anomaly. Ice is lighter and floats at the surface. This is seen in the large ocean regions at polar latitudes, which are partly covered by ice. The reason for this anomaly lies in the unusual properties of the water molecule (H2O). Its oxygen atom (O) and the two hydrogen atoms (H) are asymmetrically arranged. This produces a dipole, a molecule with one negatively and one positively charged end.
Another unique property of water is its ability to dissolve a large variety of chemical substances. Water is sometimes called the universal solvent because it can dissolve so many things. water has the highest surface tension of any common liquid except mercury. It is the tendency of water molecules to attract to each other or cohere to each other at the surface of water. Because of this adhesion and cohesion properties water plays an important role in the internal transport system of plants and animals. The other widely-cited anomalous property of water is its high boiling point. a molecule as light as H2O “should” boil at around –90°C; that is, it would ideally exist in the world as a gas rather than a liquid if H-bonding were not present.
Water Crisis: Usage and supply
- Water is the most essential and pivotal resource. It is the largest single component of the human body, and is essential for life. The longest a person can survive with out water and food is about 8-10 days.
- The Stockholm International water Institute has estimated that each person on earth needs a minimum of 1000 m3 of water per year for drinking, hygiene and growing food for sustenance. Whether this water is available depends on where people live on the planet as water supply is extremely inequitable.
- Water scarcity affects every continent. For about 40% of the world population, lack of water is a constant threat. By 2025, almost half of the would population (around 4 billion people) will live under condition of severe water threat specially in Africa, Middle East and south Asia. UN estimates states that by 2025 around 1800 million people will be living in the countries or regions with absolute water scarcity and around two-thirds of the world population would be around stress condition.
- The situation is getting worse as the demand for water is doubling in every 20 years. In 20th century, global water consumption grew 6 fold.
- Colorado river is running dry and no more reaches the sea. Most of its water has been diverted to irrigated agriculture, so that in a normal year, no water at all reaches the river’s mouth.
- Yemen and Jordon are withdrawing 30% more from ground water resources than is being annually replenished. In Africa around 200 million people at present live in severe water stressed situation
- Half of the world’s wetlands have disappeared in the last 30 years. 20% of the fresh water species are engendered or extinct. Many important aquifers are seriously depleted. water table in many parts of the world are dropping at an alarming rate. Ground water recharge is a slow process, drained faster can not be replenished.
- The quantity of water used today for all purpose exceeds 4700 cubic kilometers per year. Agriculture is the largest user, consuming two-thirds of all water drawn from rivers, lakes and groundwater. Since 1960, water use for crop irrigation has risen by 60-70%. Industry uses about 20% available water and municipal sector (domestic use) uses about 10%
Task: Article review and note down 5 major points
Guardian report on the access to drinking water around the world
| Terminologies | Explanations | Self Research | Copy right free photos (thanks to the contributors) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Potable water | Water that is free from impurities such as contaminants and bacteria and is thus safe to drink. Huge inequalities persist between and within countries; in Sub- Saharan Africa, almost half of people drink water from unprotected sources. | There’s nothing more essential to life on Earth than safe drinking water. People are struggling to access the quantity and quality of water they need. Amazing progress has been made in making clean drinking water accessible to 2.6 billion people in developing countries from 1990 to 2015. That’s an increase from 76% of the global population to 91% during that time. Yet around 800 million people lack basic drinking water access that is nearly 1 of every 9 people on the planet. Click here for more facts and figures from World Vision. |  |
| Different methods of water supply | The objective of water supply is to take water from its source to the point of its usage. Water supply systems must also meet the requirements for public, commercial, and industrial activities. It generally denotes provision of water by public utilities such as supply of potable water through piped system. Water supply system include infrastructure for the collection, transmission, treatment, storage, and distribution of water for domestic, agriculture (including irrigation) and other commercial purposes as well as for special public needs as firefighting etc. Nearly 90% of the global population has access to piped water supply. A fraction of them also possess their own house supply such as protected wells or boreholes besides the municipal supply. Look at the next column for the the major methods of water supply. | 1. Dam and reservoir: Dams are the barriers that controls the flow of the excess water, normally built across a river. Reservoirs are artificial lakes used to store water. They can be 'on channel' or 'off channel'. 2. Wells and boreholes: These are the methods of trapping ground water (Aquifer). Wells are relatively of larger diameter than boreholes. Aquifer provides nearly half of the global drinking water supply. 3. Desalinization plants: In this expensive process salt from the sea water is removed by distilling water using boiling process. This process is widely used in the wealthy Middle East countries where waste gasses from the oil wells are used to distill water. 4. Rain water harvesting: This includes collection and storing of rainwater for future use. Click here for more relevant information on the water supply system. | Water stress: When water supply is below 1700 cubic meters per person per year. Water scarcity affects every continent. Infographics from Waterlogic: Source  Click here to learn more about the problem of water crisis from Water.org. |
| Water security | When all people in a society have sustainable access to adequate quantities of safe clean water for livelihood and development. | Read: Elements of water security from ResearchGate | |
| Food security | Stable supply as well as physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet the dietary needs of a population. |  |  |
You will find more infographics at Statista
Virtual or Embedded Water
It is the amount of water that is required to produce food or any other product that we use and to transport it to the market and thus essentially embedded in the item. For example, 1 kg of wheat takes around 1000 liters of water to produce, so the import of this amount of wheat to another country will save the amount of water it requires to produce that item domestically, however it will increase the country’s virtual water consumption and related water footprint. Greater liberalization of trade in agricultural products would further increase virtual water flow between the countries. The concept of virtual water therefore also refers to the way in which water is transferred from one country to another. According to the Guardian Report on an average 400 liters of water is required to produce 1 liter of Coca-cola.
The world’s population is growing by roughly 80 million people each year. Changes in lifestyles and eating habits in recent years are requiring more water consumption per capita, putting a stress on the available fresh water resources. People in high income countries consume greater amount of virtual water than in low income countries because of different lifestyle and diet. Agriculture accounts for nearly 70% of all water consumption, compared to 20% for industry and 10% for household water consumption.
Gallon to Liter conversion 1 gallon = 3.7 liters
Water footprint comparison by countries
Water Footprint Calculator: Know what is your water footprint
Review WaterStat data: one of the world’s most comprehensive water footprint database
Reading: The use of water today: A report by World Water Council
Water footprint / embedded water
| Commodities | Virtual / embedded water (average including production of raw materials and manufacturing) |
| 1 can of Cola (300ml) | 200 liters |
| 1 cotton shirt | 3000 liters |
| 1 pair of leather shoes | 8000 liters |
| 1 pair of Jeans | 760 liters |
| 1 smartphone | 900 liters |
| 1 cup of tea (300ml) | 35 liters |
| 1 cup of coffee (300ml) | 140 liters |
| 1 liter of bio fuel | 4000 liters |
| 1 hamburger | 2400 liters |
| Comparison by country | Average water footprint per person per day |
| UAE | 8500 liters |
| USA | 8300 liters |
| Canada | 6400 liters |
| EU | 4600 liters |
Source of the data: WHO, 2019
ENERGY
| Natural Capital | Those goods and services that are not manufactured but have values to human, e.g. Soil, water, trees, living organisms etc. |
| Non-renewable energy | Exist in finite amount and are not renewed after they have been depleted, e.g. fossil fuels. These are forms of stored solar energy produced by photosysthesis (coal) and remains of organic life from millions of years ago, now being extracted and burned by humans. |
| Renewable energy | Can be used over and over again and are considered to be sustainable, e.g. Solar, wind, geothermal energy etc. |
| Replenishable resources | Are middle ground between renewable and non-renewable resources. They tend to be replaced over a long period of time. If the depletion rate is larger than recharge rate, the natural capital is depleted. E.g. Fuel wood. |
| Energy security | When all people in a society/country enjoy the uninterrupted supply of energy they require to meet their needs at an affordable price. |
